Incongruent images
Connective mourning rituals on Instagram following the 2017 Manchester Arena attack
Public Defence of PhD thesis by Alexandra McCrow-Young.
The bombing of the Manchester Arena by the so-called Isis in 2017 was the United Kingdom’s deadliest terror attack in decades. As the city of Manchester became a site of spontaneous memorial, so too did visual social media, where users created and shared thousands of images showing candles lit in their homes, flowers and handwritten tributes. By the following day, users had shared almost 100,000 images with the hashtag #PrayForManchester on Instagram alone. Conversely, an equal number of images similarly commemorating the attack depicted beauty products, dogs and food. With one billion monthly users, Instagram offers community and solidarity, but as a commercial space, it is also characterised by incongruities, with the potential for users to co-opt the global publicity of an event like Manchester.
To examine the dynamics of these everyday images amidst extraordinary events such as terror attacks, this project proposes the concept connective mourning rituals. The concept extends existing notions of “mediatized mourning rituals” (Cottle, 2006, Pantti and Sumiala, 2009), combining it with “phatic culture” (Miller, 2008) and “platform vernacular” (Gibbs et al., 2014) to account for the altered dynamics of connective spaces. Connective mourning rituals embody the ambivalence of today’s online participatory spaces. In many ways, they reflect traditional mourning rituals, reproducing common tribute symbols and fostering communality. However, on Instagram they become modified, intersecting with platform-specific cultures that are anchored around the self, blending disparate topics and publics with expressions of mourning and tribute.
This project analyses the images shared on Instagram in the immediate aftermath of the Manchester attack, by combining qualitative content analysis with the proposed method ‘connective visual mapping’, a platform-specific approach that employs a number of digital tools for collation and analysis. Existing research has overwhelmingly centred on text-driven platforms such as Twitter, which has allowed for the establishment of rigorous and diverse research methodologies. As methodological approaches to visual social media are currently in their infancy, this project offers a flexible method for analysing Instagram data, as well as responding to the challenges of the continually shifting policies of commercial platforms.
This project contributes to emerging scholarship in two areas, both of which remain understudied: it expands research into online mourning rituals, and it adds to research on visual social media and mediatized disasters. The project illustrates the plurality of connective mourning rituals, which are simultaneously self-promotional, personally expressive, branded and collectively engaged. From fan art, to homemade shrines, to dog influencers, to travel photos, the empirical findings highlight the wide spectrum of intersecting online identities, interests and communities that are woven into individual and collective mourning following the Manchester attack.
References
Cottle, S. (2006). Mediatized rituals: beyond manufacturing consent. Media, Culture & Society, 28, 411-432.
Gibbs, M., Meese, J., Arnold, M., Nansen, B. & Carter, M. (2014). #Funeral and Instagram: death, social media, and platform vernacular. Information, Communication & Society, 1-14.
Miller, V. (2008). New Media, Networking and Phatic Culture. Convergence, 14, 387-400.
Pantti, M. & Sumiala, J. (2009). Till death do us join: media, mourning rituals and the sacred centre of the society. Media, Culture & Society, 31, 119-135.
Det var det blodigste terrorangreb i Storbritannien i årtier, da den såkaldte terrororganisation Isis i 2017 bombede Manchester Arena. Samtidig med at byen Manchester blev en arena for spontane mindehøjtideligheder, blev visuelle sociale medier det også. Her skabte og delte brugere tusindevis af billeder, som viste tændte stearinlys i hjemmet, blomster, håndskrevne hyldester osv. Dagen efter angrebet havde brugere alene på Instagram delt over 100.000 billeder med hashtagget #PrayForManchester. Ligeledes mindedes et tilsvarende antal billeder terrorangrebet ved at poste billeder af skønhedsprodukter, hunde og mad. Med en milliard månedlige brugere tilbyder Instagram fællesskab og solidaritet, men som et kommercielt forum er det også karakteriseret af selvmodsigelser, med et potentiale for brugerne til at overtage den globale omtale som en begivenhed som Manchester får. Med henblik på at undersøge dynamikkerne i disse hverdagsbilleder i en kontekst af ekstraordinære begivenheder såsom terrorangreb, foreslår dette projekt begrebet “connective mourning rituals”.
Begrebet udvider eksisterende forståelser af “mediatized mourning rituals” (Cottle, 2006, Pantti and Sumiala, 2009) ved at kombinere dem med begreberne phatic culture” (Miller, 2008) og “platform vernacular” (Gibbs et al., 2014). Det kan således begrebsliggøre de ændrede dynamikker i connective rum. Termen “Connective mourning rituals” omfatter ambivalensen i dagens participatoriske online fora. På mange måder reflekterer disse ritualer traditionelle sørgeritualer ved at reproducere fælles hyldestsymboler og fremme fællesskaber. Men på Instagram bliver de modificeret, idet de kommer i forbindelse med platform-specifikke kulturer, som er forankret i "selvet” og dermed blander de forskelligartede emner og offentligheder med udtryk for af sorg og hyldest. Dette projekt analyserer de billeder, som blev delt på Instagram umiddelbart efter Manchester angrebet, ved at kombinere kvalitative indholdsanalyser med metoden ’connective visual mapping’, som er en platform-specifik tilgang, der gør brug af en række digitale værktøjer til databehandling og analyse. Den eksisterende litteratur har altovervejende fokuseret på tekstbaserede platforme, såsom Twitter, hvilket har muliggjort etableringen af meget grundige og forskelligartede forskningsmetodologier. Idet metodiske tilgange til visuelle sociale medier på nuværende tidspunkt er i deres spæde begyndelse, tilbyder dette projekt en fleksibel metode til at analysere data fra Instagram, samtidig med at det adresserer de udfordringer, som kommercielle platformes konstante skiftende politikker afstedkommer.
Dette projekt bidrager således til den fremvoksende forskning på to felter, som begge er underbelyste: det bidrager til forskningen i online sørgeritualer, og det styrker forskningen i visuelle sociale medier og medierede katastrofer. Projektet illustrerer mangfoldigheden af “connective mourning rituals”, som på en og samme tid er selvpromoverende, personligt ekspressive, brandende og kollektivt engagerende. Fra fan-kunst til hjemmelavede skrin, hunde-influencere og rejsebilleder: de empiriske fund fremhæver det brede spektrum af online identiteter, interesser og fællesskaber, der forbinder sig med hinanden, og som er flettet sammen i individuel og kollektiv sorg i kølevandet på Manchester angrebet.
References
Cottle, S. (2006). Mediatized rituals: beyond manufacturing consent. Media, Culture & Society, 28, 411-432.
Gibbs, M., Meese, J., Arnold, M., Nansen, B. & Carter, M. (2014). #Funeral and Instagram: death, social media, and platform vernacular. Information, Communication & Society, 1-14.
Miller, V. (2008). New Media, Networking and Phatic Culture. Convergence, 14, 387-400.
Pantti, M. & Sumiala, J. (2009). Till death do us join: media, mourning rituals and the sacred centre of the society. Media, Culture & Society, 31, 119-135.
Assessment Committee
- Professor Nete Nørgaard Kristensen (Chair) (Københavns Universitet)
- Professor Folker Hanusch (University of Vienna)
- Associate Professor Johanna Sumiala (University of Helsinki)
Moderator of defence
- Professor Anne Jerslev (University of Copenhagen)
Please notice that the microphone and camera on your computer must be switched off during the entire defense. In case you wish to pose questions, the moderator will instruct you about the procedure at the beginning of the defense.
Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation before the defence at the following three places:
- The Information Desk of Copenhagen University Library, South Campus
- Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond)
- At the Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, Karen Blixens Vej 8, 2300 Copenhagen S